Understanding gene-environment interactions underlying ASD is essential for improving early diagnosis and identifying critical targets for intervention and prevention. ASDs have a substantial genetic component, but the specific cause of most cases remains unknown. One in every 88 children is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), a set of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by social impairments, communication deficits, and repetitive behavior. Small RNA and A-to-I Editing in Autism Spectrum Disorders This review summarizes the available knowledge on A-to-I RNA editing in the cancer field, giving a new view on how ADARs may play a role in carcinogenesis. Since ADAR enzymes catalyse this nucleotide conversion, their expression/activity is essential and finely regulated in normal cells. A-to-I RNA editing changes the nucleotide sequence of target RNAs, introducing A-to-I/G "mutations". Recently, post-transcriptional modification events, such as RNA editing, are emerging as new players in several human diseases, including tumours. In the past years, DNA mutations provided important clues to the comprehension of the molecular pathways involved in numerous cancers. Galeano, Federica Tomaselli, Sara Locatelli, Franco Gallo, AngelaĬarcinogenesis is a complex, multi-stage process depending on both endogenous and exogenous factors. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms governing A-to-I editing and propose the role of other co-factors that may be involved in this complex regulatory process.Ī-to-I RNA editing: the "ADAR" side of human cancer. A complete understanding of this intricate regulatory network may ultimately be translated into new therapeutic strategies against diseases driven by perturbed RNA editing events. Taken together, it is apparent that tipping of any regulatory components will have profound effects on A-to-I editing, which in turn contributes to both normal and aberrant physiological conditions. However, integration of previous studies revealed that regulation of A-to-I editing is multifaceted, weaving an intricate network of auto- and transregulations, including the involvement of virus-originated factors like adenovirus-associated RNA. Although it has been demonstrated that dysregulated A-to-I editing contributes to various diseases, the precise regulatory mechanisms governing this critical cellular process have yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, editing events in exonic regions contribute to proteome diversity as translational machinery decodes inosine as guanosine. A-to-I editing imposes an additional layer of gene regulation as it dictates various aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA folding, processing, localization and degradation. Hong, HuiQi Lin, Jaymie Siqi Chen, LeileiĪdenosine- to-inosine ( A-to-I) RNA editing, the most prevalent mode of transcript modification in higher eukaryotes, is catalysed by the adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs).
Regulatory factors governing adenosine- to-inosine ( A-to-I) RNA editing.